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Introduction
One of the most important tasks of modern civilization in the context of climate change, depletion of traditional resources, and the ongoing increase in energy consumption is the transition to sustainable energy sources. Solar energy plays a significant role in this process, as it is one of the most accessible and environmentally friendly options available. However, the integration of solar energy into distributed electrical grids is hindered by a number of issues related to the inadequacy of existing infrastructure, the variability of energy production, and the emergence of conflicts among market participants.
On one hand, renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, can significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions and enhance energy independence. On the other hand, the shift to new models of energy distribution and consumption may jeopardize the interests of traditional energy companies and consumers who possess their own generating capacities.
Setting the task
Еhe article analyzes main problems arising when integrating solar energy into distributed energy networks, as well as identify the conflicts of interest that create challenges in this process. We also propose potential solutions emphasizing the need for adapting regulatory frameworks, promoting energy storage technologies, and facilitating dialogue among all stakeholders. This research aims to provide a more detailed understanding of the process of integrating solar energy and to identify promising strategies for its successful implementation within the framework of modern energy infrastructure.
The results of the study
One of the main problems of integrating solar energy into distributed networks is the unpredictability of electricity production due to the dependence of photovoltaic modules on sunlight and meteorological factors. This leads to significant fluctuations in energy production which creates difficulties for network operators who need to maintain a balance between production and consumption. The key aspect is the discrepancy between the peaks of production and consumption: the maximum energy production occurs at noon, when solar radiation is at its maximum, and electricity consumption is usually minimal. At the same time, in the evening hours, when people return home and turn on household appliances, there is an increase in electricity consumption which can lead to supply disruptions [1]. This disconnection during peak production and consumption hours creates an excess supply of energy during the day that cannot be fully utilized followed by a reduction in output to zero at night when solar radiation stops (fig.).
Fig. The daily profile of the Sun
A daytime peak in electricity consumption can cause an imbalance in the power supply system [2]. When the amount of electricity supplied to the grid exceeds the optimal level, operators need to regulate production from alternative sources or look for ways to temporarily store excess electricity. Ignoring these measures can lead to overloading of power lines and power outages for groups of consumers. In addition to daily fluctuations, seasonal changes in electricity production are also significant. The effectiveness of solar panels depends on seasonal factors such as the intensity of solar radiation, the length of the day, and atmospheric conditions throughout the year.
Change in weather conditions and seasonal variation causes uneven solar irradiation, such condition creates voltage fluctuations in the output of photovoltaic (PV) system. Performance of PV modules also depends on solar irradiance, cell temperature, crystalline structure, and the load resistance. Moreover, cloudy or low brightness situations produce voltage and power fluctuations which affect the network operational performance drastically [3, p. 48].
The intensity of solar radiation undergoes changes throughout the year. Solar panels receive increased amounts of sunlight in spring and summer months due to longer days and the angle of incoming solar rays resulting in peak power generation. In contrast, the fall and winter seasons, especially in regions with pronounced seasonal climates, are characterized by a decrease in solar radiation levels leading to reduction in the total energy produced.
Such atmospheric conditions as cloud cover, humidity levels, and precipitation also affect the performance of solar panels. Increased cloud cover and lower temperatures characterize winter period in most regions, and they also reduce the efficiency of photovoltaic systems. In contrast, in spring and summer, when atmospheric clarity increases, there is a rise in solar radiation intensity contributing to higher levels of electricity production [4].
Thus, it is essential to consider temperature regimes and seasonal variations in climatic conditions to optimize the operation of solar panels, as it will help maximize operational efficiency and energy output.
Grid operators must possess a high degree of flexibility in managing their infrastructure to address these challenges. Network operators must possess not only technical knowledge but also the ability to adapt quickly to changing conditions. Flexibility in infrastructure management allows operators to respond effectively to different situations, optimize processes, and ensure the reliable operation of networks.
Operators can successfully address emerging challenges and ensure the uninterrupted functioning of the infrastructure only by having a high degree of flexibility in management of a network. Flexibility is not just a quality; it is a necessary condition for effective management of network systems in the modern world.
Solar panel manufacturers are striving to increase sales by positioning their products as economically and environmentally beneficial solutions. They invest in research and development to improve technical performance and reduce production costs which contributes to the growth of the industry. However, they face competition from traditional energy sources (coal, gas, nuclear energy). Solar panels remain more expensive than traditional technologies. Therefore, manufacturers are seeking government support in the form of subsidies and tax incentives to increase competitiveness. Network operators, in turn, provide consumers with reliable power supply striving to maintain network stability while minimizing costs. Integration of solar installations requires significant changes in the structure and management of the network, as well as additional financial investments [5].
Key challenges for operators include infrastructure upgrades, bidirectional energy flow management, and load balancing.
Consumers are interested in accessing inexpensive and reliable sources of electricity. However, they also face a number of challenges, such as high installation costs, instability in energy generation, and risks associated with electricity quality.
The state plays an important role in regulating the electricity market and creating favorable conditions for renewable energy development. It sets regulations, determines electricity tariffs and provides financial support for renewable energy projects.
Without government support wind and solar technologies costs will be in the same league as the increased cost of fossil-fuel technologies per kilowatthour, and it is more likely that CO2 emissions will be added to electricity generation by these technologies [6].
Government agencies influence the integration of solar energy through regulations, standards, subsidies and grants [7]. This can change the strategies of manufacturers and operators, leading to delays and changes in plans. The government can encourage technology adoption through support programs, but strict rules and standards increase administrative and financial costs. New regulations may complicate the implementation process requiring adaptations from manufacturers and operators which slows down implementation and increases compliance costs. Reforms can threaten successful projects, so it is important to monitor changes in legislation and plan ahead to minimize risks. Effective cooperation with the Government includes participation in the development of standards and monitoring of policy changes. This helps to adapt to new conditions and reduces negative consequences. It is important to be prepared for changes while remaining focused on long-term goals and the success of the project.
But there could be conflicts of interest: between state and private companies; between producers and network operators; between consumers and network operators.
Let’s consider these possible conflicts in detail.
Solar panel manufacturers seek to maximize sales and profits which puts pressure on grid operators. They often insist on lower equipment prices and accelerated deployment of new technologies that can create difficulties for operators seeking to minimize investments in infrastructure upgrades.
Network operators are focused on maintaining network reliability and stability, which encourages them to minimize the cost of upgrading and operating equipment. This can lead to conflicts with manufacturers believing that limiting investment hinders solar development.
There are no major technical limitations on the amount of wind and solar power that could be connected to the grid. However, there might be challenges that need to be considered depending on the characteristics of the energy source and the local conditions at the site where it is connected. Integration of small shares of wind and solar power at most sites require little adaptation of the electricity grid. As the shares increase, the need for adaptation increases and the integration costs may rise [8, p. 95].
Manufacturers may offer products that do not meet established standards, and this fact creates difficulties for operators due to the need to adapt to new requirements and regulations. This leads to delays in modernization and increased administrative and financial costs. Conflicts arise between manufacturers and operators due to differences in priorities: manufacturers strive for the growth of the droid market and the introduction of new technologies, while operators focus on the reliability and stability of networks. To achieve successful results, it is necessary to find a balance between these interests. This can be done through cooperation and compromise solutions that take into account market realities and government requirements.
There could be also some disagreements between consumers and operators. Consumers expect a quick payback and lower energy costs after installing solar panels, but their expectations may be inflated, especially in the short term. This can lead to frustration and tensions with operators.
Consumers are concerned about the quality of electricity and security of supply, especially as weather conditions change. They may make claims about power outages or poor power quality, and it puts pressure on operators.
Some consumers may incorrectly assess the capabilities of solar panels believing them to be a one-size-fits-all solution which can lead to erroneous calculations and expectations.
To eliminate conflicts, operators should raise consumer awareness by providing accurate information about the characteristics and features of solar panels, as well as developing training and advisory programs. This will help avoid misconceptions and increase trust in operators.
Thus, compromises must be made and the interests of all parties involved in the process must be harmonized to successfully integrate solar energy into distribution networks. Some possible approaches are: joint projects, financial incentives, development of the regulatory and legal framework, exchange of experience and knowledge.
Coordination of the actions of all stakeholders is a key factor in the successful integration of solar energy into distribution networks. This requires active collaboration between solar panel manufacturers, grid operators, government agencies, and consumers. An interdisciplinary approach is needed to overcome conflicts of interest. Coordination begins with an open dialogue that allows each participant to understand the needs and limitations of others. Regular meetings, conferences, and working groups facilitate discussion of current issues and the development of joint solutions which reduces the risk of misunderstandings. One of the methods of coordination is joint projects and initiatives such as research consortia where manufacturers, operators, and academic institutions work on new technologies and solutions. Joint ventures are also being created to combine resources in the construction and operation of solar power plants.
Coordination includes the harmonization of standards and procedures which helps to unify processes and improve hardware and software compatibility. This simplifies integration and reduces the cost of infrastructure upgrades. Consistency in certification and licensing procedures is needed to facilitate the entry of new technologies into the market. It is also important to develop financial mechanisms and incentives such as government subsidies, tax incentives, and grant programs that help attract investment in solar energy. Financial participation mechanisms may provide for joint financing of projects between public and private companies to share risks and increase the scale of technology adoption.
One way of creating incentives to keep capacity is to introduce capacity markets or capacity credits where producers (and possibly consumers) can get economic compensation for keeping generation capacity. The owners of production resources on the capacity market are free to use their capacity for generation and trading on the energy market. The point of capacity markets it to encourage retention of existing resources, as well as for investing in new generation, so these can be used on the market providing electricity when needed [8, p. 106].
Successful coordination of solar energy integration requires the training of all stakeholders. Power grid operators should have access to training programs for managing new technologies, and training materials and courses on the proper selection, and use of solar panels should be developed for consumers. Educational events such as webinars and workshops will help to join forces. Monitoring and evaluation of results are important components of coordination including the development of performance indicators to track progress and independent evaluation to identify best practices. Regular audits ensure transparency and accountability. Conflict resolution mechanisms including intermediaries and specialized committees will help resolve disputes. Coordination includes open discussion, joint projects, harmonization of standards and financial mechanisms, education and training, as well as audit and conflict resolution. This approach requires the active participation of all parties and the principle of openness for the successful integration of solar energy into distribution networks.
Conclusion
The integration of solar energy into distributed energy networks is a complex process that requires attention to technological, economic and social aspects. The main problems include irregular electricity production, lack of infrastructure, and conflicts of interest between traditional energy companies, solar system owners, and end users. Conflicts of interest can create obstacles to successful integration, but solutions such as regulatory adaptation, infrastructure development, and the introduction of energy storage and management technologies open up opportunities for more harmonious interaction. Thus, it is important to develop an integrated approach to achieve sustainable use of solar energy that includes dialogue between stakeholders and collaboration between public, private and educational institutions. This will help overcome barriers and create conditions for the long-term integration of solar energy into distributed networks, contributing to the global energy transition.
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